1. Check your fuel tank system to assure it is equipped with fuel drain valves (not plugs) at all permissible drain locations (i.e.; wing tanks, manifold tanks, selector valves, shut-off valves, strainers, low points, etc.). Become familiar with all drain locations on a specific model of airplane. From model to model in a series of airplanes, the number, type, and location of drains may not be the same. There is no single point of drainage that can be used to check for all fuel system contaminants simultaneously. Take the time to properly check all drain locations, all of the time.

2. Check your fuel tank system to assure it is equipped with raised, umbrella-style fuel filler caps to preclude water ingress. Inclusion of reduced diameter adapters precludes misfueling also. Be sure the fuel vent system configuration of the airplane is maintained with any fuel cap selection. Incorrect fuel cap configuration may lead to reduced fuel flow, bladder collapse, oil-canning in flight, fuel hold-up in the tank, etc. with consequent engine failure.

3. With the airplane in the normal ground attitude and starting at the highest drain location, check all drain locations for contaminants before every flight, whether or not refueling has occurred. Have fuel sample disposal provisions, proper lighting, and a small ladder at your disposal to properly check for fuel tank system contamination.

• Drain at least one cup of fuel (using a clear sampler cup) from each drain location.

• Drain the fuel strainer as required to completely flush its contents in each of the fuel selector positions.

• Check for water, clarity, cloudiness, haze, proper fuel type/grade (i.e.; 100LL is light blue in tint, jet fuel is clear or yellowish), odor, or other contaminants.

• If any contamination is detected in the fuel tank system, thoroughly drain all drain locations again.

• If contamination is observed, take further samples until the fuel appears clear, and gently rock the wings and lower the tail to the ground (or raise the tail and let back down on tail draggers) to move any additional contaminants to the drain points.

• Take repeated samples from all drain locations until all contamination has been removed. If contaminants are still present, do not fly the airplane.

• Have qualified maintenance personnel drain and purge the fuel tank system. Remove all evidence of contamination prior to further flight.

4. Take proper precautions to preclude water from entering into your fuel tank system from an external source (washing, rain, snow, sleet, etc.). Regularly check all external entry sites (caps, access panels, etc.) for evidence of water ingress into the fuel tank system. When possible store the airplane indoors. If stored outdoors or exposed to wet conditions (washing, rain, snow, sleet, etc.), examine the fuel tank system drains for contamination more frequently. Pay particular attention to airplanes that have been externally cleaned and/or refinished also.

5. During annual or 100-hour inspections do the following:

• Check fuel caps, cap gaskets, cap adaptors, cap adaptor gaskets, fuel filler neck to adaptor sealer, fuel gage transmitter gaskets, gage transmitter access covers, and upper surface inspection covers for condition, proper sealing, security, alignment, etc. Ensure to service and clean these areas, replacing parts as necessary.

• Drain and flush the fuel strainer and carburetor bowl completely.

• Inspect the interior of metal fuel tanks for signs of corrosion, which may indicate water contamination.

• Inspect the interior of bladder tanks for wrinkles, broken or missing hangers, etc.

• If signs of contamination are found, alert the owner and fuel supplier of your findings for corrective action.

6. Take precautions to preclude water migration in the fuel tank system from an internal source (free water coming out of solution). Keep fuel tanks full when the airplane will not be operated regularly. Keep fuel tanks full between flights, provided weight and balance limitations permit. Limit the fuel tanks exposure to large temperature fluctuations as much as possible. If the airplane has been exposed to sustained wing low or unusual attitudes or a fuel tank has been run dry, sump contaminants may have migrated throughout the fuel tank system.

7. Know your fuel supplier. Regularly check and verify quality controls are in place to ensure you receive only dry, uncontaminated fuel from a supplier. Have on-field checks and verify to ensure continued supply of dry uncontaminated fuel to an operator. Gain assurance that the fuel supply has been checked for contamination and is properly filtered before allowing the airplane to be serviced. When ordering fuel, specifically state the exact fuel grade and quantity needed. Be present at each and every refueling and observe the fueling process.

8. Collect all sampled fuel in a safe container and dispose of properly.

9. Replace all safety items removed during contamination checks. Correct all unsatisfactory conditions found during or any examination prior to further flight.
   

TABLE I

Advisory Circular
Document No.		Date	Subject	Owner
AC 00-34A		July 29, 1974	Aircraft Ground Handling and Servicing	FAA
AC 20-43C		October 10, 1976	Aircraft Fuel Control	FAA
AC 20-105B		June, 15 1998	Reciprocating Engine Power-Loss Accident Prevention and Trend Monitoring	FAA
AC 20-106		April 1978	Aircraft Inspection for the General Aviation Aircraft Owner	FAA
AC 20-122A		January 29, 1991	Anti - Misfueling Devices: Their Availability and Use	FAA
AC 20-125		December 10, 1985	Water in Aviation Fuels	FAA
AC 43.13-1B		October, 8 1998	Acceptable Methods, Techniques, and Practices – Aircraft Inspection and Repair	FAA
AC 91-13C		July 24, 1979	Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft	FAA
AC 150/5230-4A		June 18, 2004	Aircraft Fuel Storage, Handling and Dispensing on Airports	FAA
Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin
Document No.	Date		Subject	Owner
CE-07-06	October 27, 2006		Alcohol in auto gas	FAA
CE-06-06	October, 2005		Steel fuel tanks	FAA
CE-05-80	August 9, 2005		Cessna 120 and 140 Fuel Caps	FAA
CE-04-11	October 28, 2003		Cessna 182 Series Fuel Caps	FAA
CE-03-43R1	September 23, 2003		Cessna 100, 200, 200 and 400 series fuel quantity gauging	FAA
Cessna Aircraft Company
Document No.	Date		Subject	Owner
SEB92-23	September 4, 1992		Fuel System Quick Drain Modification	Cessna
SEB92-24	September 4, 1992		Fuel System Quick Drain Valve Installation	Cessna
SEB92-25	September 4, 1992		Fuel System Quick Drain Valve Installation	Cessna
SEB92-26	September 4, 1992		Additional Fuel Tank Drain Valves Installation	Cessna
SEB 92-27	September 4, 1992		Raised Reduced Diameter Fuel Cap Installation	Cessna
SE70-28	October 23, 1970		Fuel Tank Filler Neck Sealing	Cessna
SE69-15	July 18, 1969		Fuel Tank Quick Drain Valves	Cessna
SNL98-9	October 26, 1998		Pilot Safety and Warning Supplements	Cessna
D5139-13	June 1, 1998		Pilot Safety and Warning Supplements (Reissue)	Cessna
SNL85-53	November 27, 1985		Pilot Safety and Warning Supplements	Cessna
D5139-13	October 2, 1985		Pilot Safety and Warning Supplements (Orig. Issue)	Cessna
SE82-36	July 30, 1982		Fuel Contamination	Cessna
SE80-87	October 27, 1980		Fuel Contamination	Cessna
Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) Air Safety Foundation
Document No.	Date		Subject	Owner
Safety Advisor	Operations and Proficiency No. 5		Fuel Awareness	AOPA
Safety Brief	No. 4		Misfueling	AOPA